MammalBase - Accepted taxon: Ursus arctos

Accepted taxon: Ursus arctos
Taxon:	Ursus arctos
Rank:	Species
Higher Classification:	CARNIVORA \| CANIFORMIA \| Ursidae \| Ursus
Reference:	Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), JHU Press, 2005.

Fig.1 - Ternary plot of the proximate analysis for the Ursus arctos diet.
CF (Crude Fibre) 9, ASH (Ash contents) 7, NFE (Nitrogen-Free-Extract) 25, CP (Crude Protein) 38, EE (Ether Extract) 10. See details for the calculations in Lintulaakso, K., Tatti, N. and Žliobaitė, I., 2022. Quantifying mammalian diets. Mammalian Biology, pp.1-15. [DOI]

Table 1. List of Diet Items for Ursus arctos.
TSN Complete name	Part	Ratio ^a.	Reference(s)
Magnoliopsida	SHOOT	20.75	Nowak,R. …
Alces alces	WHOLE	12.98	Grzimek,B…
Magnoliopsida	ROOT	7.87	Grzimek,B…
Rangifer tarandus tarandus	WHOLE	4.30	Smith,A. …
Poaceae	STEM	4.22	Grzimek,B…
Vertebrata	CARRION	4.20	Grzimek,B…
Insecta	WHOLE	4.16	Nowak,R. …
Magnoliopsida	FRUIT	3.76	Nowak,R. …
Cervus elaphus	WHOLE	3.44	Nowak,R. …
Rangifer tarandus	WHOLE	3.28	Grzimek,B…
Salmonidae	WHOLE	3.23	Nowak,R. …
Fungi	SHOOT	3.07	Nowak,R. …
Mammalia	WHOLE	2.87	Grzimek,B…
Lilianae	ROOT	2.83	Nowak,R. …
Ovis ammon	WHOLE	2.58	Nowak,R. …
Cervus	WHOLE	2.15	Smith,A. …
Formicidae	WHOLE	1.88	Grzimek,B…
Muridae	WHOLE	1.84	Nowak,R. …
Osteichthyes	WHOLE	1.83	Grzimek,B…
Capra hircus	WHOLE	1.72	Nowak,R. …
Cyperaceae	LEAF	1.71	Nowak,R. …
Spermophilus	WHOLE	1.23	Nowak,R. …
Zea mays	SEED	0.95	Smith,A. …
Ursus	WHOLE	0.86	Nowak,R. …
Magnoliopsida	SEED	0.66	Smith,A. …
Marmota	WHOLE	0.61	Nowak,R. …
Ursus americanus	WHOLE	0.47	Grzimek,B…
Rodentia	WHOLE	0.38	Smith,A. …
Bryophyta	SHOOT	0.14	Nowak,R. …

^a. Standardized values. See details for the calculations in Lintulaakso, K., Tatti, N. and Žliobaitė, I., 2022. Quantifying mammalian diets. Mammalian Biology, pp.1-15. [DOI]

Table 2. List of Standard Traits for Ursus arctos.
Trait	Selected Value	All Value(s)	Reference(s)
Dietary category: Eisenberg 1981	Frugivore-omnivore	Frugivore-Herbivore,Frugivore-omnivore	John L. G…
Dietary category: Miljutin 2009	Frugivore	Frugivore	John L. G…
Locomotion: Eisenberg 1981	Terrestrial	Terrestrial	John L. G…
Temporal habits	arrhythmic	arrhythmic	John L. G…

Table 3. List of Standard Measurements for Ursus arctos.
Measurement	Location	Unit	n Total	n Unknown	n Female	n Male	Min	Mean	Max	SD	Reference(s)
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	-	-	-	-	-	196,287	-	-	Juhn, M.,…
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	17	-	-	17	-	202,800	-	-	Nelson, A…
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	5	5	-	-	-	139,071.31	-	-	Engelman,…
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	20	-	-	20	-	169,000	-	-	Nelson, A…
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	-	-	-	-	80,000	-	780,000	-	Freudenth…
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	28	-	28	-	-	109,900	-	-	Nelson, A…
Head-Body Length (HBL)	nan	mm	28	-	28	-	-	1,706	-	-	Nelson, A…
Head-Body Length (HBL)	nan	mm	17	-	-	17	-	1,937	-	-	Nelson, A…
Head-Body Length (HBL)	nan	mm	20	-	-	20	-	1,894	-	-	Nelson, A…
Head-Body Length (HBL)	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	1,577	-	-	Engelman,…
Occipital condyle width (OCW)	nan	mm	5	5	-	-	-	62.57	-	-	Engelman,…

Table 4. List of other Measurements ^b. for Ursus arctos.
Measurement	Location	Unit	n Total	n Unknown	n Female	n Male	Min	Mean	Max	SD	Reference(s)
OPD (l)		n/a	3	3	-	-	-	110	-	-	Evans, Al…
OPD (u)		n/a	3	3	-	-	-	120	-	-	Evans, Al…
brainmass	nan	g	-	-	-	-	-	336	-	-	Engelman,…
skull_length	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	328	-	-	Engelman,…
BMR (kJ/h)	nan	kJ/h	-	-	-	-	-	396	-	-	McNab, B.…
femur circumference	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	75	-	-	Nelson, A…
humerus circumference	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	86	-	-	Nelson, A…
neck length	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	177	-	-	Nelson, A…
relative blade length (RBL)	nan	unitless	-	-	-	-	-	1	-	-	Juhn, M.S…

^b. other Measurements. Source Measurements which are not listed on or mapped with the Standard Traits..

Table 5. List of Data Sources for Ursus arctos.
Taxon	Reference	Match	Status
Ursus arctos	Gittleman,J. L., 1985, Carnivore body size: ecological and taxonomic correlates, Oecologia	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus arctos	Evans, Alistair R., Gregory P. Wilson, Mikael Fortelius, and Jukka Jernvall. Ã¢â‚¬Å“High-Level Similarity of Dentitions in Carnivorans and Rodents.Ã¢â‚¬Â Nature 445, no. 7123 (December 13, 2006): 78Ã¢â‚¬â€œ81. doi:10.1038/nature05433.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus arctos	Nowak,R. M., 1991, Walker's mammals of the world,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus arctos	Grzimek,B., 2003, Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Mammals I-V,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus arctos	Smith,A. T., 2010, A guide to the mammals of China,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus arctos	Nowak,R. M., 1991, Walker's mammals of the world,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus arctos	Law, C.J., Blackwell, E.A., Curtis, A.A., Dickinson, E., Hartstone‐Rose, A. and Santana, S.E., 2022. Decoupled evolution of the cranium and mandible in carnivoran mammals. Evolution.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus arctos	Engelman, R.K., 2022. Occipital condyle width (OCW) is a highly accurate predictor of body mass in therian mammals. BMC biology, 20(1), p.37.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus arctos	DeMers, A.C., 2023. Functional Significance of the Mandible, Tooth Roots, and Tooth Crowns, and their Implications for Fossil Dietary Inference (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University).	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus arctos	Lundgren, E.J., Schowanek, S.D., Rowan, J., Middleton, O., Pedersen, R.Ø., Wallach, A.D., Ramp, D., Davis, M., Sandom, C.J. and Svenning, J.C., 2021. Functional traits of the world’s late Quaternary large-bodied avian and mammalian herbivores. Scientific data, 8(1), p.17.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus arctos	McNab, B.K., 2008. An analysis of the factors that influence the level and scaling of mammalian BMR. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 151(1), pp.5-28.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus arctos	Nelson, A., Engelman, R.K. and Croft, D.A., 2023. How to weigh a fossil mammal? South American notoungulates as a case study for estimating body mass in extinct clades. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 30(3), pp.773-809.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus arctos	Freudenthal, M. and Martín-Suárez, E., 2013. Estimating body mass of fossil rodents. Scripta Geologica, 145, pp.1-513.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus arctos	Juhn, M.S., Balisi, M.A., Doughty, E.M., Friscia, A.R., Howenstine, A.O., Jacquemetton, C., Marcot, J., Nugen, S. and Van Valkenburgh, B., 2024. Cenozoic climate change and the evolution of North American mammalian predator ecomorphology. Paleobiology, pp.1-10.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted

Citation for this page: [The MammalBase community 2025. / CC BY 4.0. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7462864 Ursus arctos , Accessed 23rd January 2025 at https://mammalbase.net/me/14663]