MammalBase - Accepted taxon: Panthera pardus

Accepted taxon: Panthera pardus
Taxon:	Panthera pardus
Rank:	Species
Higher Classification:	CARNIVORA \| FELIFORMIA \| Felidae \| Pantherinae \| Panthera
Reference:	Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), JHU Press, 2005.

Fig.1 - Ternary plot of the proximate analysis for the Panthera pardus diet.
CF (Crude Fibre) 2, ASH (Ash contents) 8, NFE (Nitrogen-Free-Extract) 9, CP (Crude Protein) 62, EE (Ether Extract) 19. See details for the calculations in Lintulaakso, K., Tatti, N. and Žliobaitė, I., 2022. Quantifying mammalian diets. Mammalian Biology, pp.1-15. [DOI]

Table 1. List of Diet Items for Panthera pardus.
TSN Complete name	Part	Ratio ^a.	Reference(s)
Mammalia	WHOLE	10.79	Ahmed, K.…
Artiodactyla	WHOLE	8.28	Grzimek,B…
Canis familiaris	WHOLE	6.77	Ahmed, K.…
Rodentia	WHOLE	5.95	Ahmed, K.…
Sus scrofa	WHOLE	5.74	Ahmed, K.…
Rusa unicolor	WHOLE	5.04	Ahmed, K.…
Capra	WHOLE	4.93	Ahmed, K.…
Muntiacus muntjak	WHOLE	4.55	Ahmed, K.…
Aves	WHOLE	3.86	Ahmed, K.…
Semnopithecus schistaceus	WHOLE	3.85	Ahmed, K.…
Arthropoda	WHOLE	3.52	Grzimek,B…
Primates	WHOLE	2.78	Dar, J.A.…
Animalia	WHOLE	2.53	Ray,J., 2…
Ovis aries	WHOLE	2.34	Dar, J.A.…
Canis lupus familiaris	WHOLE	2.30	Smith,A. …
Magnoliopsida	FRUIT	2.07	Ray,J., 2…
Felis catus	WHOLE	1.84	Smith,A. …
Cervus	WHOLE	1.76	Nowak,R. …
Hystrix indica	WHOLE	1.69	Ahmed, K.…
Macaca mulatta	WHOLE	1.68	Ahmed, K.…
Capricornis thar	WHOLE	1.57	Ahmed, K.…
Naemorhedus goral	WHOLE	1.39	Dar, J.A.…
Leporidae	WHOLE	1.36	Nowak,R. …
Taurotragus oryx	WHOLE	1.23	Grzimek,B…
Capra hircus	WHOLE	1.19	Dar, J.A.…
Capra falconeri	WHOLE	1.18	Dar, J.A.…
Gazella	WHOLE	0.99	Nowak,R. …
Bovinae	WHOLE	0.92	Smith,A. …
Aepyceros melampus	WHOLE	0.91	Nowak,R. …
Bovidae	WHOLE	0.88	Smith,A. …
Moschus cupreus	WHOLE	0.84	Dar, J.A.…
Connochaetes	WHOLE	0.83	Nowak,R. …
Lepus	WHOLE	0.77	Grzimek,B…
Canis	WHOLE	0.63	Smith,A. …
Canis aureus	WHOLE	0.62	Ahmed, K.…
Homo sapiens	WHOLE	0.46	Smith,A. …
Cercopithecinae	WHOLE	0.38	Nowak,R. …
Vulpes vulpes	WHOLE	0.36	Dar, J.A.…
Bos taurus	WHOLE	0.34	Dar, J.A.…
Scarabaeidae	WHOLE	0.31	Grzimek,B…
Perdicinae	WHOLE	0.25	Smith,A. …
Vertebrata	CARRION	0.15	Grzimek,B…
Amphibia	WHOLE	0.13	Smith,A. …
Equus caballus	WHOLE	0.07	Dar, J.A.…

^a. Standardized values. See details for the calculations in Lintulaakso, K., Tatti, N. and Žliobaitė, I., 2022. Quantifying mammalian diets. Mammalian Biology, pp.1-15. [DOI]

Table 2. List of Standard Traits for Panthera pardus.
Trait	Selected Value	All Value(s)	Reference(s)
Locomotion: Eisenberg 1981	Scansonal	Scansonal, Terrestrial	– John L. Gittleman, 1985, 'Carnivore body size: Ecological and taxonomic correlates', Oecologia, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 540-554, Ray, J. and Sunquist, M., 2001. Trophic relations in a community of African rainforest carnivores. Oecologia, 127(3), pp.395-408.
Dietary category: Eisenberg 1981	Carnivore	Carnivore	– John L. Gittleman, 1985, 'Carnivore body size: Ecological and taxonomic correlates', Oecologia, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 540-554, Juhn, M., Balisi, M., Doughty, E., Friscia, A., Howenstine, A., Jacquemetton, C., Marcot, J., Nugen, S., Van Valkenburgh, B. 2024. Cenozoic climate change and the evolution of North American mammalian predator ecomorphology. Paleobiology. None(None), pp.1-10. Available at: 10.1017/pab.2024.27.
Dietary category: Miljutin 2009	Animalivore	Animalivore	– John L. Gittleman, 1985, 'Carnivore body size: Ecological and taxonomic correlates', Oecologia, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 540-554, Juhn, M., Balisi, M., Doughty, E., Friscia, A., Howenstine, A., Jacquemetton, C., Marcot, J., Nugen, S., Van Valkenburgh, B. 2024. Cenozoic climate change and the evolution of North American mammalian predator ecomorphology. Paleobiology. None(None), pp.1-10. Available at: 10.1017/pab.2024.27.
Temporal habits	nocturnal and crepuscular	arrhythmic, nocturnal and crepuscular	– John L. Gittleman, 1985, 'Carnivore body size: Ecological and taxonomic correlates', Oecologia, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 540-554, Ray, J. and Sunquist, M., 2001. Trophic relations in a community of African rainforest carnivores. Oecologia, 127(3), pp.395-408.

Table 3. List of Standard Measurements for Panthera pardus.
Measurement	Location	Unit	n Total	n Unknown	n Female	n Male	Min	Mean	Max	SD	Reference(s)
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	3	3	-	-	-	43,101.5	-	-	Engelman,…
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	-	-	-	-	-	52,400	-	-	Juhn, M.,…
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	11	-	-	11	-	56,245.45	-	-	Nelson, A…
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	7	-	7	-	-	29,029.91	-	-	Nelson, A…
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	-	-	-	-	15,500	-	90,000	-	Freudenth…
Head-Body Length (HBL)	nan	mm	11	-	-	11	-	1,270	-	-	Nelson, A…
Head-Body Length (HBL)	nan	mm	7	-	7	-	-	1,041.4	-	-	Nelson, A…
Head-Body Length (HBL)	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	1,192.5	-	-	Engelman,…
Occipital condyle width (OCW)	nan	mm	3	3	-	-	-	39.79	-	-	Engelman,…

Table 4. List of other Measurements ^b. for Panthera pardus.
Measurement	Location	Unit	n Total	n Unknown	n Female	n Male	Min	Mean	Max	SD	Reference(s)
brainmass	nan	g	-	-	-	-	-	135	-	-	Engelman,…
skull_length	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	196	-	-	Engelman,…
femur circumference	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	87	-	-	Nelson, A…
femur diameter	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	22	-	-	Nelson, A…
humerus circumference	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	90	-	-	Nelson, A…
humerus diameter	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	21	-	-	Nelson, A…
relative blade length (RBL)	nan	unitless	-	-	-	-	-	1	-	-	Juhn, M.S…

^b. other Measurements. Source Measurements which are not listed on or mapped with the Standard Traits..

Table 5. List of Data Sources for Panthera pardus.
Taxon	Reference	Match	Status
Panthera pardus	Gittleman,J. L., 1985, Carnivore body size: ecological and taxonomic correlates, Oecologia	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Panthera pardus	Ray,J., 2001, Trophic relations in a community of African rainforest carnivores, Oecologia	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Panthera pardus	Nowak,R. M., 1991, Walker's mammals of the world,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Panthera pardus	Grzimek,B., 2003, Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Mammals I-V,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Panthera pardus	Smith,A. T., 2010, A guide to the mammals of China,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Panthera pardus	Nowak,R. M., 1991, Walker's mammals of the world,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Panthera pardus	Ray,J., 2001, Trophic relations in a community of African rainforest carnivores, Oecologia	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Panthera pardus	Law, C.J., Blackwell, E.A., Curtis, A.A., Dickinson, E., Hartstone‐Rose, A. and Santana, S.E., 2022. Decoupled evolution of the cranium and mandible in carnivoran mammals. Evolution.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Panthera pardus	Ahmed, K., Zehra, N. and Khan, J.A., 2022. Leopard (Panthera pardus) Food Habits in Shared Landscapes: A Case Study of Two Watersheds. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 48(6), pp.729-736.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Panthera pardus	Dar, J.A. and Bhat, B.A., 2022. Seasonal diet composition of Leopard (Panthera pardus) in and around Kazinag National Park, Kashmir, India. Biologia, 77(12), pp.3511-3518.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Panthera pardus	Engelman, R.K., 2022. Occipital condyle width (OCW) is a highly accurate predictor of body mass in therian mammals. BMC biology, 20(1), p.37.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Panthera pardus	DeMers, A.C., 2023. Functional Significance of the Mandible, Tooth Roots, and Tooth Crowns, and their Implications for Fossil Dietary Inference (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University).	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Panthera pardus	Nelson, A., Engelman, R.K. and Croft, D.A., 2023. How to weigh a fossil mammal? South American notoungulates as a case study for estimating body mass in extinct clades. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 30(3), pp.773-809.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Panthera pardus	Freudenthal, M. and Martín-Suárez, E., 2013. Estimating body mass of fossil rodents. Scripta Geologica, 145, pp.1-513.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Panthera pardus	Juhn, M.S., Balisi, M.A., Doughty, E.M., Friscia, A.R., Howenstine, A.O., Jacquemetton, C., Marcot, J., Nugen, S. and Van Valkenburgh, B., 2024. Cenozoic climate change and the evolution of North American mammalian predator ecomorphology. Paleobiology, pp.1-10.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Panthera pardus	Beaudrot, L., Acevedo, M.A., Gorczynski, D. and Harris, N.C., 2024. Geographic differences in body size distributions underlie food web connectance of tropical forest mammals. Scientific Reports, 14(1), pp.1-10.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Panthera pardus	Rowan, J., Beaudrot, L., Franklin, J., Reed, K.E., Smail, I.E., Zamora, A. and Kamilar, J.M., 2020. Geographically divergent evolutionary and ecological legacies shape mammal biodiversity in the global tropics and subtropics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(3), pp.1559-1565.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted

Citation for this page: [The MammalBase community 2026. / CC BY 4.0. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7462864 Panthera pardus , Accessed 15th April 2026 at https://mammalbase.net/me/14017]