MammalBase - Accepted taxon: Ursus americanus

Accepted taxon: Ursus americanus
Taxon:	Ursus americanus
Rank:	Species
Higher Classification:	CARNIVORA \| CANIFORMIA \| Ursidae \| Ursus
Reference:	Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), JHU Press, 2005.

Fig.1 - Ternary plot of the proximate analysis for the Ursus americanus diet.
CF (Crude Fibre) 15, ASH (Ash contents) 8, NFE (Nitrogen-Free-Extract) 48, CP (Crude Protein) 22, EE (Ether Extract) 8. See details for the calculations in Lintulaakso, K., Tatti, N. and Žliobaitė, I., 2022. Quantifying mammalian diets. Mammalian Biology, pp.1-15. [DOI]

Table 1. List of Diet Items for Ursus americanus.
TSN Complete name	Part	Ratio ^a.	Reference(s)
Magnoliopsida	SHOOT	16.67	Nowak,R. …
Magnoliopsida	STEM	16.67	Nowak,R. …
Magnoliopsida	FRUIT	15.96	Damuth, J…
Magnoliopsida	SEED	11.55	Damuth, J…
Magnoliopsida	ROOT	9.21	Damuth, J…
Insecta	WHOLE	6.93	Damuth, J…
Poaceae	STEM	3.90	Grzimek,B…
Mammalia	WHOLE	3.75	Damuth, J…
Magnoliopsida	EXUDATES	2.45	Grzimek,B…
Fagaceae	SEED	2.02	Nowak,R. …
Vertebrata	EGGS	1.90	Damuth, J…
Insecta	LARVAE	1.85	Reid,F., …
Rodentia	WHOLE	1.61	Grzimek,B…
Salmonidae	WHOLE	1.50	Grzimek,B…
Formicidae	WHOLE	1.28	Grzimek,B…
Vertebrata	CARRION	1.09	Grzimek,B…
Osteichthyes	WHOLE	1.01	Nowak,R. …
Artiodactyla	WHOLE	0.64	Grzimek,B…

^a. Standardized values. See details for the calculations in Lintulaakso, K., Tatti, N. and Žliobaitė, I., 2022. Quantifying mammalian diets. Mammalian Biology, pp.1-15. [DOI]

Table 2. List of Standard Traits for Ursus americanus.
Trait	Selected Value	All Value(s)	Reference(s)
Dietary category: Eisenberg 1981	Frugivore-Herbivore	Frugivore-Herbivore	John L. G…
Dietary category: Miljutin 2009	Frugivore	Frugivore	John L. G…
Locomotion: Eisenberg 1981	Scansonal	Scansonal	John L. G…
Temporal habits	diurnal	diurnal	John L. G…

Table 3. List of Standard Measurements for Ursus americanus.
Measurement	Location	Unit	n Total	n Unknown	n Female	n Male	Min	Mean	Max	SD	Reference(s)
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	14	14	-	-	-	109,751.94	-	-	Engelman,…
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	-	-	-	-	39,000	-	409,000	-	Freudenth…
Head-Body Length (HBL)	nan	mm	10	10	-	-	-	1,676.1	-	-	Engelman,…
Occipital condyle width (OCW)	nan	mm	14	14	-	-	-	54.79	-	-	Engelman,…

Table 4. List of other Measurements ^b. for Ursus americanus.
Measurement	Location	Unit	n Total	n Unknown	n Female	n Male	Min	Mean	Max	SD	Reference(s)
OPD (l)		n/a	3	3	-	-	-	117	-	-	Evans, Al…
OPD (u)		n/a	3	3	-	-	-	58	-	-	Evans, Al…
brainmass	nan	g	-	-	-	-	-	248	-	-	Engelman,…
skull_length	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	263	-	-	Engelman,…
BMR (kJ/h)	nan	kJ/h	-	-	-	-	-	307	-	-	McNab, B.…
femur circumference	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	84	-	-	Nelson, A…
humerus circumference	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	92	-	-	Nelson, A…

^b. other Measurements. Source Measurements which are not listed on or mapped with the Standard Traits..

Table 5. List of Data Sources for Ursus americanus.
Taxon	Reference	Match	Status
Ursus americanus	Gittleman,J. L., 1985, Carnivore body size: ecological and taxonomic correlates, Oecologia	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus americanus	Damuth, J. 2010. ABSOLUT 6 a mammalian database compiled by the national center for ecological analysis and synthesis (NCEAS ) workshop on mammalian communities.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus americanus	Evans, Alistair R., Gregory P. Wilson, Mikael Fortelius, and Jukka Jernvall. Ã¢â‚¬Å“High-Level Similarity of Dentitions in Carnivorans and Rodents.Ã¢â‚¬Â Nature 445, no. 7123 (December 13, 2006): 78Ã¢â‚¬â€œ81. doi:10.1038/nature05433.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus americanus	Reid,F., 2006, Peterson field guide to mammals of North America,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus americanus	Nowak,R. M., 1991, Walker's mammals of the world,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus americanus	Grzimek,B., 2003, Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Mammals I-V,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus americanus	Nowak,R. M., 1991, Walker's mammals of the world,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus americanus	Law, C.J., Blackwell, E.A., Curtis, A.A., Dickinson, E., Hartstone‐Rose, A. and Santana, S.E., 2022. Decoupled evolution of the cranium and mandible in carnivoran mammals. Evolution.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus americanus	Engelman, R.K., 2022. Occipital condyle width (OCW) is a highly accurate predictor of body mass in therian mammals. BMC biology, 20(1), p.37.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus americanus	DeMers, A.C., 2023. Functional Significance of the Mandible, Tooth Roots, and Tooth Crowns, and their Implications for Fossil Dietary Inference (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University).	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus americanus	Lundgren, E.J., Schowanek, S.D., Rowan, J., Middleton, O., Pedersen, R.Ø., Wallach, A.D., Ramp, D., Davis, M., Sandom, C.J. and Svenning, J.C., 2021. Functional traits of the world’s late Quaternary large-bodied avian and mammalian herbivores. Scientific data, 8(1), p.17.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus americanus	McNab, B.K., 2008. An analysis of the factors that influence the level and scaling of mammalian BMR. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 151(1), pp.5-28.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus americanus	Nelson, A., Engelman, R.K. and Croft, D.A., 2023. How to weigh a fossil mammal? South American notoungulates as a case study for estimating body mass in extinct clades. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 30(3), pp.773-809.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Ursus americanus	Freudenthal, M. and Martín-Suárez, E., 2013. Estimating body mass of fossil rodents. Scripta Geologica, 145, pp.1-513.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted

Citation for this page: [The MammalBase community 2024. / CC BY 4.0. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7462864 Ursus americanus , Accessed 20th May 2024 at https://mammalbase.net/me/14646]