MammalBase - Accepted taxon: Pongo pygmaeus

Accepted taxon: Pongo pygmaeus
Taxon:	Pongo pygmaeus
Rank:	Species
Higher Classification:	PRIMATES \| HAPLORRHINI \| SIMIIFORMES \| Hominoidea \| Hominidae \| Pongo
Reference:	Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), JHU Press, 2005.

Fig.1 - Ternary plot of the proximate analysis for the Pongo pygmaeus diet.
CF (Crude Fibre) 8, ASH (Ash contents) 5, NFE (Nitrogen-Free-Extract) 33, CP (Crude Protein) 13, EE (Ether Extract) 4. See details for the calculations in Lintulaakso, K., Tatti, N. and Žliobaitė, I., 2022. Quantifying mammalian diets. Mammalian Biology, pp.1-15. [DOI]

Table 1. List of Diet Items for Pongo pygmaeus.
TSN Complete name	Part	Ratio ^a.	Reference(s)
Magnoliopsida	FRUIT	34.72	Grzimek,B…
Magnoliopsida	SHOOT	25.00	Grzimek,B…
Vertebrata	WHOLE	12.50	Grzimek,B…
Ficus	FRUIT	11.11	Nowak,R. …
0	MINERAL	6.94	Nowak,R. …
Insecta	WHOLE	5.56	Nowak,R. …
Aves	EGGS	2.78	Nowak,R. …
Hylobates	CARRION	1.39	Nowak,R. …

^a. Standardized values. See details for the calculations in Lintulaakso, K., Tatti, N. and Žliobaitė, I., 2022. Quantifying mammalian diets. Mammalian Biology, pp.1-15. [DOI]

Table 2. List of Standard Traits for Pongo pygmaeus.
Trait	Selected Value	All Value(s)	Reference(s)
Temporal habits	diurnal	diurnal	– Nowak, R.M., 1991. Walker's Mammals of the World. 5th edJohns Hopkins Univ Press. Baltimore and London.
Locomotion: Eisenberg 1981	Arboreal	Arboreal	– Christophe Soligo, Robert D. Martin, 2006, 'Adaptive origins of primates revisited', Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 414-430, Katharine Milton, Michael L. May, 1976, 'Body weight, diet and home range area in primates', Nature, vol. 259, no. 5543, pp. 459-462
Dietary category: Eisenberg 1981	Frugivore-Herbivore	Frugivore-Herbivore	– Katharine Milton, Michael L. May, 1976, 'Body weight, diet and home range area in primates', Nature, vol. 259, no. 5543, pp. 459-462
Dietary category: Miljutin 2009	Frugivore	Frugivore	– Katharine Milton, Michael L. May, 1976, 'Body weight, diet and home range area in primates', Nature, vol. 259, no. 5543, pp. 459-462

Table 3. List of Standard Measurements for Pongo pygmaeus.
Measurement	Location	Unit	n Total	n Unknown	n Female	n Male	Min	Mean	Max	SD	Reference(s)
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	-	-	-	-	30,000	-	100,000	-	Freudenth…
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	1	1	-	-	-	45,000	-	-	Engelman,…
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	-	-	-	-	-	57,150	-	-	Lundgren,…
Head-Body Length (HBL)	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	850	-	-	Engelman,…
Occipital condyle width (OCW)	nan	mm	1	1	-	-	-	46.69	-	-	Engelman,…

Table 4. List of other Measurements ^b. for Pongo pygmaeus.
Measurement	Location	Unit	n Total	n Unknown	n Female	n Male	Min	Mean	Max	SD	Reference(s)
brainmass	nan	g	-	-	-	-	-	342	-	-	Engelman,…
skull_length	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	210	-	-	Engelman,…
femur circumference	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	83	-	-	Nelson, A…
femur diameter	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	30	-	-	Nelson, A…
humerus circumference	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	99	-	-	Nelson, A…
humerus diameter	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	32	-	-	Nelson, A…
Femur maximum length (FML) The distance from the most superior point on the femoral head to the most inferior aspect of the medial condyle.	nan	mm	15	-	15	-	243	260	300	18	Powell, V…
Femur maximum length (FML) The distance from the most superior point on the femoral head to the most inferior aspect of the medial condyle.	nan	mm	14	-	-	14	234	277	303	19	Powell, V…
Femur maximum length (FML) The distance from the most superior point on the femoral head to the most inferior aspect of the medial condyle.	nan	mm	5	5	-	-	230	260	303	32	Powell, V…
Humerus maximum length (HML) The distance from the most superior point of the humeral head to the most distal point of the medial projection of the trochlea.	nan	mm	15	-	15	-	311	335	390	22	Powell, V…
Humerus maximum length (HML) The distance from the most superior point of the humeral head to the most distal point of the medial projection of the trochlea.	nan	mm	14	-	-	14	303	361	387	23	Powell, V…
Humerus maximum length (HML) The distance from the most superior point of the humeral head to the most distal point of the medial projection of the trochlea.	nan	mm	5	5	-	-	305	336	386	32	Powell, V…
Radius maximum length (RML) The distance between the most superior point on the radial head to the most distal point of the styloid process.	nan	mm	15	-	15	-	311	338	401	21	Powell, V…
Radius maximum length (RML) The distance between the most superior point on the radial head to the most distal point of the styloid process.	nan	mm	14	-	-	14	325	364	399	25	Powell, V…
Radius maximum length (RML) The distance between the most superior point on the radial head to the most distal point of the styloid process.	nan	mm	5	5	-	-	297	339	382	36	Powell, V…
Tibia maximum length (TML) The distance from most superior point of the intercondylar eminence to the most distal aspect of the medial malleolus.	nan	mm	15	-	15	-	216	230	271	15	Powell, V…
Tibia maximum length (TML) The distance from most superior point of the intercondylar eminence to the most distal aspect of the medial malleolus.	nan	mm	14	-	-	14	219	246	270	15	Powell, V…
Tibia maximum length (TML) The distance from most superior point of the intercondylar eminence to the most distal aspect of the medial malleolus.	nan	mm	5	5	-	-	208	232	261	24	Powell, V…

^b. other Measurements. Source Measurements which are not listed on or mapped with the Standard Traits..

Table 5. List of Data Sources for Pongo pygmaeus.
Taxon	Reference	Match	Status
Pongo pygmaeus	Soligo,C., 2006, Adaptive origins of primates revisited, Journal of human evolution	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Pongo pygmaeus	Milton,K., 1976, Body weight, diet and home range area in primates, Nature	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Pongo pygmaeus	Nowak,R. M., 1991, Walker's mammals of the world,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Pongo pygmaeus	Grzimek,B., 2003, Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Mammals I-V,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Pongo pygmaeus	Nowak,R. M., 1991, Walker's mammals of the world,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Pongo pygmaeus	Engelman, R.K., 2022. Occipital condyle width (OCW) is a highly accurate predictor of body mass in therian mammals. BMC biology, 20(1), p.37.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Pongo pygmaeus	Lundgren, E.J., Schowanek, S.D., Rowan, J., Middleton, O., Pedersen, R.Ø., Wallach, A.D., Ramp, D., Davis, M., Sandom, C.J. and Svenning, J.C., 2021. Functional traits of the world’s late Quaternary large-bodied avian and mammalian herbivores. Scientific data, 8(1), p.17.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Pongo pygmaeus	Nelson, A., Engelman, R.K. and Croft, D.A., 2023. How to weigh a fossil mammal? South American notoungulates as a case study for estimating body mass in extinct clades. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 30(3), pp.773-809.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Pongo pygmaeus	Powell, V.C., Barr, W.A., Hammond, A.S. and Wood, B.A., 2024. Behavioral and phylogenetic correlates of limb length proportions in extant apes and monkeys: Implications for interpreting hominin fossils. Journal of Human Evolution, 190, p.103494.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Pongo pygmaeus	Freudenthal, M. and Martín-Suárez, E., 2013. Estimating body mass of fossil rodents. Scripta Geologica, 145, pp.1-513.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Pongo pygmaeus	Rowan, J., Beaudrot, L., Franklin, J., Reed, K.E., Smail, I.E., Zamora, A. and Kamilar, J.M., 2020. Geographically divergent evolutionary and ecological legacies shape mammal biodiversity in the global tropics and subtropics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(3), pp.1559-1565.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted

Citation for this page: [The MammalBase community 2026. / CC BY 4.0. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7462864 Pongo pygmaeus , Accessed 30th April 2026 at https://mammalbase.net/me/6225]