MammalBase - Accepted taxon: Symphalangus syndactylus

Accepted taxon: Symphalangus syndactylus
Taxon:	Symphalangus syndactylus
Rank:	Species
Higher Classification:	PRIMATES \| HAPLORRHINI \| SIMIIFORMES \| Hominoidea \| Hylobatidae \| Symphalangus
Reference:	Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), JHU Press, 2005.

Fig.1 - Ternary plot of the proximate analysis for the Symphalangus syndactylus diet.
CF (Crude Fibre) 15, ASH (Ash contents) 7, NFE (Nitrogen-Free-Extract) 61, CP (Crude Protein) 13, EE (Ether Extract) 5. See details for the calculations in Lintulaakso, K., Tatti, N. and Žliobaitė, I., 2022. Quantifying mammalian diets. Mammalian Biology, pp.1-15. [DOI]

Table 1. List of Diet Items for Symphalangus syndactylus.
TSN Complete name	Part	Ratio ^a.	Reference(s)
Magnoliopsida	FRUIT	30.00	Grzimek,B…
Magnoliopsida	LEAF	23.33	Grzimek,B…
Magnoliopsida	FLOWER	20.00	Grzimek,B…
Ficus	FRUIT	13.33	Grzimek,B…
Magnoliopsida	BUD	6.67	Nowak,R. …
Insecta	WHOLE	3.33	Nowak,R. …
Animalia	WHOLE	3.33	Grzimek,B…

^a. Standardized values. See details for the calculations in Lintulaakso, K., Tatti, N. and Žliobaitė, I., 2022. Quantifying mammalian diets. Mammalian Biology, pp.1-15. [DOI]

Table 2. List of Standard Traits for Symphalangus syndactylus.
Trait	Selected Value	All Value(s)	Reference(s)
Locomotion: Eisenberg 1981	Arboreal	Arboreal	– Christophe Soligo, Robert D. Martin, 2006, 'Adaptive origins of primates revisited', Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 414-430, Katharine Milton, Michael L. May, 1976, 'Body weight, diet and home range area in primates', Nature, vol. 259, no. 5543, pp. 459-462
Dietary category: Eisenberg 1981	Frugivore-Herbivore	Frugivore-Granivore, Frugivore-Herbivore	– Katharine Milton, Michael L. May, 1976, 'Body weight, diet and home range area in primates', Nature, vol. 259, no. 5543, pp. 459-462
Dietary category: Miljutin 2009	Frugivore	Frugivore	– Katharine Milton, Michael L. May, 1976, 'Body weight, diet and home range area in primates', Nature, vol. 259, no. 5543, pp. 459-462

Table 3. List of Standard Measurements for Symphalangus syndactylus.
Measurement	Location	Unit	n Total	n Unknown	n Female	n Male	Min	Mean	Max	SD	Reference(s)
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	1	1	-	-	-	10,770	-	-	Engelman,…
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	-	-	-	-	6,000	-	16,000	-	Freudenth…
Head-Body Length (HBL)	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	565	-	-	Engelman,…
Occipital condyle width (OCW)	nan	mm	1	1	-	-	-	31	-	-	Engelman,…

Table 4. List of other Measurements ^b. for Symphalangus syndactylus.
Measurement	Location	Unit	n Total	n Unknown	n Female	n Male	Min	Mean	Max	SD	Reference(s)
brainmass	nan	g	-	-	-	-	-	135	-	-	Engelman,…
skull_length	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	129	-	-	Engelman,…
Femur maximum length (FML) The distance from the most superior point on the femoral head to the most inferior aspect of the medial condyle.	nan	mm	3	-	3	-	204	206	208	2	Powell, V…
Femur maximum length (FML) The distance from the most superior point on the femoral head to the most inferior aspect of the medial condyle.	nan	mm	3	-	-	3	200	209	222	11	Powell, V…
Femur maximum length (FML) The distance from the most superior point on the femoral head to the most inferior aspect of the medial condyle.	nan	mm	1	1	-	-	-	194	-	-	Powell, V…
Humerus maximum length (HML) The distance from the most superior point of the humeral head to the most distal point of the medial projection of the trochlea.	nan	mm	3	-	3	-	254	261	269	8	Powell, V…
Humerus maximum length (HML) The distance from the most superior point of the humeral head to the most distal point of the medial projection of the trochlea.	nan	mm	3	-	-	3	265	273	285	11	Powell, V…
Humerus maximum length (HML) The distance from the most superior point of the humeral head to the most distal point of the medial projection of the trochlea.	nan	mm	1	1	-	-	-	254	-	-	Powell, V…
Radius maximum length (RML) The distance between the most superior point on the radial head to the most distal point of the styloid process.	nan	mm	3	-	3	-	283	293	305	11	Powell, V…
Radius maximum length (RML) The distance between the most superior point on the radial head to the most distal point of the styloid process.	nan	mm	3	-	-	3	296	308	327	17	Powell, V…
Radius maximum length (RML) The distance between the most superior point on the radial head to the most distal point of the styloid process.	nan	mm	1	1	-	-	-	274	-	-	Powell, V…
Tibia maximum length (TML) The distance from most superior point of the intercondylar eminence to the most distal aspect of the medial malleolus.	nan	mm	3	-	3	-	170	174	177	4	Powell, V…
Tibia maximum length (TML) The distance from most superior point of the intercondylar eminence to the most distal aspect of the medial malleolus.	nan	mm	3	-	-	3	174	182	196	12	Powell, V…
Tibia maximum length (TML) The distance from most superior point of the intercondylar eminence to the most distal aspect of the medial malleolus.	nan	mm	1	1	-	-	-	158	-	-	Powell, V…

^b. other Measurements. Source Measurements which are not listed on or mapped with the Standard Traits..

Table 5. List of Data Sources for Symphalangus syndactylus.
Taxon	Reference	Match	Status
Hylobates syndactylus	Soligo,C., 2006, Adaptive origins of primates revisited, Journal of human evolution	50: Synonym	Verified - Accepted
Symphalangus syndactylus	Milton,K., 1976, Body weight, diet and home range area in primates, Nature	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Hylobates syndactylus	Nowak,R. M., 1991, Walker's mammals of the world,	50: Synonym	Verified - Accepted
Symphalangus syndactylus	Grzimek,B., 2003, Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Mammals I-V,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Hylobates syndactylus	Nowak,R. M., 1991, Walker's mammals of the world,	50: Synonym	Verified - Accepted
Symphalangus syndactylus	Engelman, R.K., 2022. Occipital condyle width (OCW) is a highly accurate predictor of body mass in therian mammals. BMC biology, 20(1), p.37.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Symphalangus syndactylus	DeMers, A.C., 2023. Functional Significance of the Mandible, Tooth Roots, and Tooth Crowns, and their Implications for Fossil Dietary Inference (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University).	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Symphalangus syndactylus	Lundgren, E.J., Schowanek, S.D., Rowan, J., Middleton, O., Pedersen, R.Ø., Wallach, A.D., Ramp, D., Davis, M., Sandom, C.J. and Svenning, J.C., 2021. Functional traits of the world’s late Quaternary large-bodied avian and mammalian herbivores. Scientific data, 8(1), p.17.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Symphalangus syndactylus	Powell, V.C., Barr, W.A., Hammond, A.S. and Wood, B.A., 2024. Behavioral and phylogenetic correlates of limb length proportions in extant apes and monkeys: Implications for interpreting hominin fossils. Journal of Human Evolution, 190, p.103494.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Symphalangus syndactylus	Freudenthal, M. and Martín-Suárez, E., 2013. Estimating body mass of fossil rodents. Scripta Geologica, 145, pp.1-513.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Symphalangus syndactylus	Rowan, J., Beaudrot, L., Franklin, J., Reed, K.E., Smail, I.E., Zamora, A. and Kamilar, J.M., 2020. Geographically divergent evolutionary and ecological legacies shape mammal biodiversity in the global tropics and subtropics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(3), pp.1559-1565.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted

Citation for this page: [The MammalBase community 2026. / CC BY 4.0. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7462864 Symphalangus syndactylus , Accessed 17th April 2026 at https://mammalbase.net/me/6211]