MammalBase - Accepted taxon: Elephas maximus

Accepted taxon: Elephas maximus
Taxon:	Elephas maximus
Rank:	Species
Higher Classification:	PROBOSCIDEA \| Elephantidae \| Elephas
Reference:	Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), JHU Press, 2005.

Fig.1 - Ternary plot of the proximate analysis for the Elephas maximus diet.
CF (Crude Fibre) 20, ASH (Ash contents) 7, NFE (Nitrogen-Free-Extract) 36, CP (Crude Protein) 8, EE (Ether Extract) 2. See details for the calculations in Lintulaakso, K., Tatti, N. and Žliobaitė, I., 2022. Quantifying mammalian diets. Mammalian Biology, pp.1-15. [DOI]

Table 1. List of Diet Items for Elephas maximus.
TSN Complete name	Part	Ratio ^a.	Reference(s)
Magnoliopsida	SHOOT	29.63	Grzimek,B…
Poaceae	STEM	25.93	Grzimek,B…
Magnoliopsida	BARK	6.48	Nowak,R. …
Arecaceae	SHOOT	6.48	Smith,A. …
Magnoliopsida	ROOT	5.56	Nowak,R. …
Magnoliopsida	LEAF	4.63	Nowak,R. …
Oryza sativa	SEED	4.63	Smith,A. …
Saccharum officinarum	STEM	4.63	Nowak,R. …
Magnoliopsida	STEM	3.70	Nowak,R. …
Musa	FRUIT	2.78	Smith,A. …
Musa acuminata	FRUIT	2.78	Nowak,R. …
Carica papaya	FRUIT	1.85	Smith,A. …
0	MINERAL	0.93	Smith,A. …

^a. Standardized values. See details for the calculations in Lintulaakso, K., Tatti, N. and Žliobaitė, I., 2022. Quantifying mammalian diets. Mammalian Biology, pp.1-15. [DOI]

Table 2. List of Standard Traits for Elephas maximus.
Trait	Selected Value	All Value(s)	Reference(s)
Dietary category: Eisenberg 1981	Frugivore-Herbivore	Frugivore-Herbivore,Herbivore-Mixed feeder	A. Myster…
Dietary category: Miljutin 2009	Frugivore	Frugivore,Herbivore	A. Myster…

Table 3. List of Standard Measurements for Elephas maximus.
Measurement	Location	Unit	n Total	n Unknown	n Female	n Male	Min	Mean	Max	SD	Reference(s)
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	-	-	-	-	-	3,160,000	-	-	Lundgren,…
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	-	-	-	-	1,810,000	-	5,400,000	-	Freudenth…

Table 4. List of other Measurements ^b. for Elephas maximus.
Measurement	Location	Unit	n Total	n Unknown	n Female	n Male	Min	Mean	Max	SD	Reference(s)
femur circumference	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	286	-	-	Nelson, A…
femur diameter	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	97	-	-	Nelson, A…
humerus circumference	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	282	-	-	Nelson, A…
neck length	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	371	-	-	Nelson, A…

^b. other Measurements. Source Measurements which are not listed on or mapped with the Standard Traits..

Table 5. List of Data Sources for Elephas maximus.
Taxon	Reference	Match	Status
Elephas maximus	Mysterud,Atle, 2000, The Relationship between Ecological Segregation and Sexual Body Size Dimorphism in Large Herbivores, Oecologia	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Elephas maximus	Sukumar,R., 1995, Elephant foraging: Is browse or grass more important, A week with elephants	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Elephas maximus	Nowak,R. M., 1991, Walker's mammals of the world,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Elephas maximus	Grzimek,B., 2003, Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Mammals I-V,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Elephas maximus	Smith,A. T., 2010, A guide to the mammals of China,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Elephas maximus	Nowak,R. M., 1991, Walker's mammals of the world,	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Elephas maximus	Lundgren, E.J., Schowanek, S.D., Rowan, J., Middleton, O., Pedersen, R.Ø., Wallach, A.D., Ramp, D., Davis, M., Sandom, C.J. and Svenning, J.C., 2021. Functional traits of the world’s late Quaternary large-bodied avian and mammalian herbivores. Scientific data, 8(1), p.17.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Elephas maximus	Nelson, A., Engelman, R.K. and Croft, D.A., 2023. How to weigh a fossil mammal? South American notoungulates as a case study for estimating body mass in extinct clades. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 30(3), pp.773-809.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted
Elephas maximus	Freudenthal, M. and Martín-Suárez, E., 2013. Estimating body mass of fossil rodents. Scripta Geologica, 145, pp.1-513.	1: Exact Taxon match	Verified - Accepted

Citation for this page: [The MammalBase community 2024. / CC BY 4.0. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7462864 Elephas maximus , Accessed 21st November 2024 at https://mammalbase.net/me/5378]