MammalBase - Accepted taxon: Bos frontalis gaurus

Accepted taxon: Bos frontalis gaurus
Taxon:	Bos frontalis gaurus
Rank:	Subspecies
Higher Classification:	ARTIODACTYLA \| Bovidae \| Bovinae \| Bos \| frontalis \| gaurus
Reference:	Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), JHU Press, 2005.

Fig.1 - Ternary plot of the proximate analysis for the Bos frontalis gaurus diet.
CF (Crude Fibre) 27, ASH (Ash contents) 9, NFE (Nitrogen-Free-Extract) 49, CP (Crude Protein) 14, EE (Ether Extract) 2. See details for the calculations in Lintulaakso, K., Tatti, N. and Žliobaitė, I., 2022. Quantifying mammalian diets. Mammalian Biology, pp.1-15. [DOI]

Table 1. List of Diet Items for Bos frontalis gaurus.
TSN Complete name	Part	Ratio ^a.	Reference(s)
Poaceae	STEM	70.00	Nowak,R. …
Magnoliopsida	SHOOT	20.00	Nowak,R. …
Magnoliopsida	LEAF	10.00	Nowak,R. …

^a. Standardized values. See details for the calculations in Lintulaakso, K., Tatti, N. and Žliobaitė, I., 2022. Quantifying mammalian diets. Mammalian Biology, pp.1-15. [DOI]

Table 2. List of Standard Traits for Bos frontalis gaurus.
Trait	Selected Value	All Value(s)	Reference(s)
Dietary category: Eisenberg 1981	Herbivore-Grazer	Herbivore-Grazer, Herbivore-Mixed feeder	– Abraham, J.O., Upham, N.S., Damian-Serrano, A. and Jesmer, B.R., 2022. Evolutionary causes and consequences of ungulate migration. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 6(7), pp.998-1006., I. J. Gordon, A. W. Illius, 1988, 'Incisor Arcade Structure and Diet Selection in Ruminants', Functional Ecology, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 15, Loison,A., 1999, What factors shape sexual size dimorphism in ungulates?, Evolutionary Ecology Research, M. Mendoza, P. Palmqvist, 2008, 'Hypsodonty in ungulates: an adaptation for grass consumption or for foraging in open habitat?', Journal of Zoology, vol. 274, no. 2, pp. 134-142, Marcus Clauss, Matthias Lechner-Doll, Juergen Streich, 2002, 'Faecal particle size distribution in captive wild ruminants: an approach to the browser/grazer dichotomy from the other end', Oecologia, vol. 131, no. 3, pp. 343-349, Quibod, M., Gélin, U., van Langevelde, F., Tomlinson, K. 2023. Diet-specific responses of skull traits to aridity gradients in bovids and cervids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. None(None), pp.None. Available at: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad068.
Dietary category: Miljutin 2009	Herbivore	Herbivore	– Abraham, J.O., Upham, N.S., Damian-Serrano, A. and Jesmer, B.R., 2022. Evolutionary causes and consequences of ungulate migration. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 6(7), pp.998-1006., I. J. Gordon, A. W. Illius, 1988, 'Incisor Arcade Structure and Diet Selection in Ruminants', Functional Ecology, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 15, Loison,A., 1999, What factors shape sexual size dimorphism in ungulates?, Evolutionary Ecology Research, M. Mendoza, P. Palmqvist, 2008, 'Hypsodonty in ungulates: an adaptation for grass consumption or for foraging in open habitat?', Journal of Zoology, vol. 274, no. 2, pp. 134-142, Marcus Clauss, Matthias Lechner-Doll, Juergen Streich, 2002, 'Faecal particle size distribution in captive wild ruminants: an approach to the browser/grazer dichotomy from the other end', Oecologia, vol. 131, no. 3, pp. 343-349, Quibod, M., Gélin, U., van Langevelde, F., Tomlinson, K. 2023. Diet-specific responses of skull traits to aridity gradients in bovids and cervids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. None(None), pp.None. Available at: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad068.

Table 3. List of Standard Measurements for Bos frontalis gaurus.
Measurement	Location	Unit	n Total	n Unknown	n Female	n Male	Min	Mean	Max	SD	Reference(s)
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	-	-	-	-	-	825,000	-	-	Abraham, …
Body Mass (BM)	nan	g	-	-	-	-	-	825,000	-	-	Lundgren,…

Table 4. List of other Measurements ^b. for Bos frontalis gaurus.
Measurement	Location	Unit	n Total	n Unknown	n Female	n Male	Min	Mean	Max	SD	Reference(s)
Length of the Masseteric Fossa		cm	6	6	-	-	-	26	-	-	Quibod, M…
Muzzle Width		cm	6	6	-	-	-	9	-	-	Quibod, M…
Total Length of the Skull		cm	6	6	-	-	-	49	-	-	Quibod, M…
average ungulate dietary grass fraction (proportional)	nan	unitless	-	-	-	-	-	1	-	-	Abraham, …
femur circumference	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	157	-	-	Nelson, A…
femur diameter	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	48	-	-	Nelson, A…
humerus circumference	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	155	-	-	Nelson, A…
humerus diameter	nan	mm	-	-	-	-	-	56	-	-	Nelson, A…

^b. other Measurements. Source Measurements which are not listed on or mapped with the Standard Traits..

Table 5. List of Data Sources for Bos frontalis gaurus.
Taxon	Reference	Match	Status
Bos gaurus	Clauss,M., 2002, Faecal particle size distribution in captive wild ruminants: an approach to the browser/grazer dichotomy from the other end, Oecologia	3: Genus, Species = Master genus, subspecies	Verified - Accepted
Bos gaurus	Gordon,IJ, 1988, Incisor arcade structure and diet selection in ruminants, Functional Ecology	3: Genus, Species = Master genus, subspecies	Verified - Accepted
Bos gaurus	Loison,A., 1999, What factors shape sexual size dimorphism in ungulates?, Evolutionary Ecology Research	3: Genus, Species = Master genus, subspecies	Verified - Accepted
Bos gaurus	Mendoza,M., 2008, Hypsodonty in ungulates: an adaptation for grass consumption or for foraging in open habitat?, Journal of zoology	3: Genus, Species = Master genus, subspecies	Verified - Accepted
Bos gaurus	Nowak,R. M., 1991, Walker's mammals of the world,	3: Genus, Species = Master genus, subspecies	Verified - Accepted
Bos gaurus	Nowak,R. M., 1991, Walker's mammals of the world,	3: Genus, Species = Master genus, subspecies	Verified - Accepted
Bos gaurus	Quibod, M.N.R.M., Gélin, U., van Langevelde, F. and Tomlinson, K.W., 2023. Diet-specific responses of skull traits to aridity gradients in bovids and cervids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, p.zlad068.	3: Genus, Species = Master genus, subspecies	Verified - Accepted
Bos gaurus	Abraham, J.O., Upham, N.S., Damian-Serrano, A. and Jesmer, B.R., 2022. Evolutionary causes and consequences of ungulate migration. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 6(7), pp.998-1006.	3: Genus, Species = Master genus, subspecies	Verified - Accepted
Bos gaurus	Lundgren, E.J., Schowanek, S.D., Rowan, J., Middleton, O., Pedersen, R.Ø., Wallach, A.D., Ramp, D., Davis, M., Sandom, C.J. and Svenning, J.C., 2021. Functional traits of the world’s late Quaternary large-bodied avian and mammalian herbivores. Scientific data, 8(1), p.17.	3: Genus, Species = Master genus, subspecies	Verified - Accepted
Bos gaurus	Nelson, A., Engelman, R.K. and Croft, D.A., 2023. How to weigh a fossil mammal? South American notoungulates as a case study for estimating body mass in extinct clades. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 30(3), pp.773-809.	3: Genus, Species = Master genus, subspecies	Verified - Accepted
Bos gaurus	Rowan, J., Beaudrot, L., Franklin, J., Reed, K.E., Smail, I.E., Zamora, A. and Kamilar, J.M., 2020. Geographically divergent evolutionary and ecological legacies shape mammal biodiversity in the global tropics and subtropics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(3), pp.1559-1565.	3: Genus, Species = Master genus, subspecies	Verified - Accepted

Citation for this page: [The MammalBase community 2026. / CC BY 4.0. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7462864 Bos frontalis gaurus: , Accessed 15th April 2026 at https://mammalbase.net/me/15977]