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MammalBase - Accepted taxon: Okapia johnstoni

Accepted taxon: Okapia johnstoni


Accepted taxon: Okapia johnstoni
Taxon: Okapia johnstoni
Rank: Species
Higher Classification: ARTIODACTYLA | Giraffidae | Okapia
Reference: Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), JHU Press, 2005.

Fig.1 - Ternary plot of the proximate analysis for the Okapia johnstoni diet.
CF (Crude Fibre) 20, ASH (Ash contents) 8, NFE (Nitrogen-Free-Extract) 56, CP (Crude Protein) 11, EE (Ether Extract) 4. See details for the calculations in Lintulaakso, K., Tatti, N. and Žliobaitė, I., 2022. Quantifying mammalian diets. Mammalian Biology, pp.1-15. [DOI]


Table 1. List of Diet Items for Okapia johnstoni.
TSN Complete name Part Ratio a. Reference(s)
Magnoliopsida LEAF 37.50 Damuth, J…
Magnoliopsida SHOOT 25.00 Grzimek,B…
Magnoliopsida FRUIT 16.67 Damuth, J…
Magnoliopsida SEED 8.33 Damuth, J…
Magnoliopsida BUD 8.33 Nowak,R. …
Magnoliopsida STEM 4.17 Nowak,R. …

a. Standardized values. See details for the calculations in Lintulaakso, K., Tatti, N. and Žliobaitė, I., 2022. Quantifying mammalian diets. Mammalian Biology, pp.1-15. [DOI]


Table 2. List of Standard Traits for Okapia johnstoni.
Trait Selected Value All Value(s) Reference(s)
Dietary category: Miljutin 2009 Herbivore Herbivore Abraham, J.O., Upham, N.S., Damian-Serrano, A. and Jesmer, B.R., 2022. Evolutionary causes and consequences of ungulate migration. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 6(7), pp.998-1006., I. J. Gordon, A. W. Illius, 1988, 'Incisor Arcade Structure and Diet Selection in Ruminants', Functional Ecology, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 15, M. Clauss, R. R. Hofmann, W. J. Streich, J. Fickel, J. Hummel, 2009, 'Convergence in the macroscopic anatomy of the reticulum in wild ruminant species of different feeding types and a new resulting hypothesis on reticular function', Journal of Zoology, vol. 281, no. 1, pp. 26-38, M. Mendoza, P. Palmqvist, 2008, 'Hypsodonty in ungulates: an adaptation for grass consumption or for foraging in open habitat?', Journal of Zoology, vol. 274, no. 2, pp. 134-142, Marcus Clauss, Matthias Lechner-Doll, Juergen Streich, 2002, 'Faecal particle size distribution in captive wild ruminants: an approach to the browser/grazer dichotomy from the other end', Oecologia, vol. 131, no. 3, pp. 343-349
Dietary category: Eisenberg 1981 Herbivore-Browser Herbivore-Browser Abraham, J.O., Upham, N.S., Damian-Serrano, A. and Jesmer, B.R., 2022. Evolutionary causes and consequences of ungulate migration. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 6(7), pp.998-1006., I. J. Gordon, A. W. Illius, 1988, 'Incisor Arcade Structure and Diet Selection in Ruminants', Functional Ecology, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 15, M. Clauss, R. R. Hofmann, W. J. Streich, J. Fickel, J. Hummel, 2009, 'Convergence in the macroscopic anatomy of the reticulum in wild ruminant species of different feeding types and a new resulting hypothesis on reticular function', Journal of Zoology, vol. 281, no. 1, pp. 26-38, M. Mendoza, P. Palmqvist, 2008, 'Hypsodonty in ungulates: an adaptation for grass consumption or for foraging in open habitat?', Journal of Zoology, vol. 274, no. 2, pp. 134-142, Marcus Clauss, Matthias Lechner-Doll, Juergen Streich, 2002, 'Faecal particle size distribution in captive wild ruminants: an approach to the browser/grazer dichotomy from the other end', Oecologia, vol. 131, no. 3, pp. 343-349

Table 3. List of Standard Measurements for Okapia johnstoni.
Measurement Location Unit n Total n Unknown n Female n Male Min Mean Max SD Reference(s)
Body Mass (BM) nan g - - - - - 253,110 - - Wimberly,…
Body Mass (BM) nan g - - - - 180,000 - 317,000 - Freudenth…

Table 4. List of other Measurements b. for Okapia johnstoni.
Measurement Location Unit n Total n Unknown n Female n Male Min Mean Max SD Reference(s)
A1-MLL (maximum lateral length of the astragalus) nan mm 6 6 - - 66 68 70 2 Wimberly,…
A2-MML (maximum medial length of the astragalus) nan mm 6 6 - - 55 57 59 1 Wimberly,…
A3-MIN (minimal length of the astragalus) nan mm 6 6 - - 50 51 54 2 Wimberly,…
A4-WAT (width at tarsus of the astragalus) nan mm 6 6 - - 42 44 46 2 Wimberly,…
A5-WAF (width at trochlea of the astragalus) nan mm 6 6 - - 41 43 45 1 Wimberly,…
C1-UL (greatest length of the calcaneus) nan mm 6 6 - - 114 118 127 6 Wimberly,…
C2-TL (length of body of the calcaneus) nan mm 6 6 - - 68 72 78 4 Wimberly,…
C3-MBH (midbody height of the calcaneus) nan mm 6 6 - - 32 34 37 2 Wimberly,…
C4-MBTV (midbody transverse width of the calcaneus) nan mm 6 6 - - 20 21 22 1 Wimberly,…
C5-FFL (fibular facet length of the calcaneus) nan mm 6 6 - - 22 24 26 1 Wimberly,…
C6-CNFL (cubonavicular facet length of the calcaneus) nan mm 6 6 - - 36 39 41 2 Wimberly,…
C7-HSF (height of sustentacular facet of the calcaneus) nan mm 6 6 - - 25 27 29 2 Wimberly,…
C8-HST (height of sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus) nan mm 6 6 - - 36 39 42 2 Wimberly,…
F1-UL (full length of the femur) nan mm 6 6 - - 309 321 334 9 Wimberly,…
F2-FL (functional length of the femur) nan mm 6 6 - - 299 312 323 8 Wimberly,…
F3-MCF (midshaft circumference of the femur) nan mm 6 6 - - 113 116 120 3 Wimberly,…
F4-PW (proximal width of the femur) nan mm 6 6 - - 90 101 107 6 Wimberly,…
F5-MLHW (mediolateral femoral head of the femur) nan mm 6 6 - - 49 51 53 2 Wimberly,…
F6-APHW (anteroposterior femoral head of the femur) nan mm 6 6 - - 43 45 48 2 Wimberly,…
F7-DW (distal width of the femur) nan mm 6 6 - - 77 83 89 5 Wimberly,…
F8-MPL (medial condyle and patellar lip of the femur) nan mm 6 6 - - 108 113 122 5 Wimberly,…
F9-LPL (lateral condyle and patellar lip of the femur) nan mm 6 6 - - 90 94 99 4 Wimberly,…
H1-UL (full length of the humerus) nan mm 6 6 - - 298 306 315 7 Wimberly,…
H2-FL (functional length of the humerus) nan mm 6 6 - - 264 279 289 9 Wimberly,…
H3-MCF (midshaft circumference of the humerus) nan mm 6 6 - - 121 125 135 5 Wimberly,…
H4-MTH (largest medial height of trochlea of the humerus) nan mm 6 6 - - 42 45 48 2 Wimberly,…
H5-MidTH (smallest height of trochlea of the humerus) nan mm 6 6 - - 32 33 35 1 Wimberly,…
H6-LTH (largest lateral height of trochlea of the humerus) nan mm 6 6 - - 35 38 39 2 Wimberly,…
H7-PW (proximal width of the humerus) nan mm 6 6 - - 77 82 87 4 Wimberly,…
H8-MLH (mediolateral humeral head width of the humerus) nan mm 6 6 - - 54 59 63 3 Wimberly,…
H9-DW (distal width of the humerus) nan mm 6 6 - - 78 83 86 3 Wimberly,…
MC1-UL (length of the metacarpus) nan mm 6 6 - - 281 295 309 11 Wimberly,…
MC2-MAP (anteroposterior midshaft of the metacarpus) nan mm 6 6 - - 26 27 30 2 Wimberly,…
MC3-MML (mediolateral midshaft of the metacarpus) nan mm 6 6 - - 29 32 34 2 Wimberly,…
MC4-DW (distal width of the metacarpus) nan mm 6 6 - - 52 54 57 2 Wimberly,…
MC5-PW (proximal width of the metacarpus) nan mm 6 6 - - 51 55 59 3 Wimberly,…
MT1-UL (length of the metatarsus) nan mm 6 6 - - 291 305 314 9 Wimberly,…
MT2-MAP (anteroposterior midshaft of the metatarsus) nan mm 6 6 - - 27 29 31 2 Wimberly,…
MT3-MML (mediolateral midshaft of the metatarsus) nan mm 6 6 - - 28 30 31 1 Wimberly,…
MT4-DW (distal width of the metatarsus) nan mm 6 6 - - 47 52 54 3 Wimberly,…
MT5-PW (proximal width of the metatarsus) nan mm 6 6 - - 49 52 58 3 Wimberly,…
R1-UL (length of the radius) nan mm 6 6 - - 317 335 356 13 Wimberly,…
R2-PW (full proximal width of the radius) nan mm 6 6 - - 75 81 86 4 Wimberly,…
R3-NPW (width of humeral articular surface of the radius) nan mm 6 6 - - 67 72 76 4 Wimberly,…
R4-DW (distal width of the radius) nan mm 6 6 - - 61 67 73 4 Wimberly,…
S1-L (full length of the scapula) nan mm 6 6 - - 302 319 339 14 Wimberly,…
S2-GW (greatest cranio-caudal length of the scapula) nan mm 6 6 - - 155 163 169 5 Wimberly,…
S3-SW (shortest length of scapular neck of the scapula) nan mm 6 6 - - 44 50 57 4 Wimberly,…
S4-GH (anteroposterior glenoid fossa of the scapula) nan mm 6 6 - - 49 51 55 2 Wimberly,…
S5-GW (mediolateral glenoid fossa of the scapula) nan mm 6 6 - - 40 43 45 2 Wimberly,…
T1-L (full length of the tibia) nan mm 6 6 - - 314 323 341 10 Wimberly,…
T2-MCF (midshaft circumference of the tibia) nan mm 6 6 - - 106 112 117 5 Wimberly,…
T3-PW (proximal width of the tibia) nan mm 6 6 - - 84 90 96 4 Wimberly,…
T4-DW (distal width of the tibia) nan mm 6 6 - - 62 66 72 3 Wimberly,…
U1-UL (length of the ulna) nan mm 6 6 - - 396 417 444 17 Wimberly,…
U2-OPL (olecranon process length of the ulna) nan mm 6 6 - - 75 82 88 6 Wimberly,…
average ungulate dietary grass fraction (proportional) nan unitless - - - - - - - - Abraham, …
femur circumference nan mm - - - - - 127 - - Nelson, A…
femur diameter nan mm - - - - - 36 - - Nelson, A…
humerus circumference nan mm - - - - - 128 - - Nelson, A…
neck length nan mm - - - - - 451 - - Nelson, A…

b. other Measurements. Source Measurements which are not listed on or mapped with the Standard Traits..


Table 5. List of Data Sources for Okapia johnstoni.
Taxon Reference Match Status
Okapia johnstoni Clauss,M., 2010, Convergence in the macroscopic anatomy of the reticulum in wild ruminant species of different feeding types and a new resulting hypothesis on reticular function, Journal of zoology 1: Exact Taxon match Verified - Accepted
Okapai johnstoni Gordon,IJ, 1988, Incisor arcade structure and diet selection in ruminants, Functional Ecology 51: Name variant or misspelling of the taxon Verified - Accepted
Okapia johnstoni Clauss,M., 2002, Faecal particle size distribution in captive wild ruminants: an approach to the browser/grazer dichotomy from the other end, Oecologia 1: Exact Taxon match Verified - Accepted
Okapia johnstoni Mendoza,M., 2008, Hypsodonty in ungulates: an adaptation for grass consumption or for foraging in open habitat?, Journal of zoology 1: Exact Taxon match Verified - Accepted
Okapia johnstoni Damuth, J. 2010. ABSOLUT 6 a mammalian database compiled by the national center for ecological analysis and synthesis (NCEAS ) workshop on mammalian communities. 1: Exact Taxon match Verified - Accepted
Okapia johnstoni Nowak,R. M., 1991, Walker's mammals of the world, 1: Exact Taxon match Verified - Accepted
Okapia johnstoni Grzimek,B., 2003, Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Mammals I-V, 1: Exact Taxon match Verified - Accepted
Okapia johnstoni Nowak,R. M., 1991, Walker's mammals of the world, 1: Exact Taxon match Verified - Accepted
Okapia johnstoni Wimberly, A.N., 2023. Predicting body mass in Ruminantia using postcranial measurements. Journal of Morphology, 284(10), p.e21636. 1: Exact Taxon match Verified - Accepted
Okapia johnstoni Abraham, J.O., Upham, N.S., Damian-Serrano, A. and Jesmer, B.R., 2022. Evolutionary causes and consequences of ungulate migration. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 6(7), pp.998-1006. 1: Exact Taxon match Verified - Accepted
Okapia johnstoni Lundgren, E.J., Schowanek, S.D., Rowan, J., Middleton, O., Pedersen, R.Ø., Wallach, A.D., Ramp, D., Davis, M., Sandom, C.J. and Svenning, J.C., 2021. Functional traits of the world’s late Quaternary large-bodied avian and mammalian herbivores. Scientific data, 8(1), p.17. 1: Exact Taxon match Verified - Accepted
Okapia johnstoni Nelson, A., Engelman, R.K. and Croft, D.A., 2023. How to weigh a fossil mammal? South American notoungulates as a case study for estimating body mass in extinct clades. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 30(3), pp.773-809. 1: Exact Taxon match Verified - Accepted
Okapia johnstoni Freudenthal, M. and Martín-Suárez, E., 2013. Estimating body mass of fossil rodents. Scripta Geologica, 145, pp.1-513. 1: Exact Taxon match Verified - Accepted
Okapia johnstoni Rowan, J., Beaudrot, L., Franklin, J., Reed, K.E., Smail, I.E., Zamora, A. and Kamilar, J.M., 2020. Geographically divergent evolutionary and ecological legacies shape mammal biodiversity in the global tropics and subtropics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(3), pp.1559-1565. 1: Exact Taxon match Verified - Accepted

Citation for this page: [The MammalBase community 2026. / CC BY 4.0. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7462864 Okapia johnstoni , Accessed 1st May 2026 at https://mammalbase.net/me/15810]