Standard Trait: Dietary category: Eisenberg 1981
| Name: | Dietary category: Eisenberg 1981 |
|---|---|
| Unit: | Nominal: n/a (n/a) |
| Description: | - |
| Reference: | Eisenberg, John Frederick. "The mammalian radiation: An analysis of trends in evolution, adaptation, and behavior." Thc University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1981). |
| Trait value | Description |
|---|---|
| Piscivore and Squid-Eater | Category 1 includes species that in the main prey on aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates of considerable mass (greater than 3 g), such as fish, cephalopods, and even aquatic birds. The prey is mobile and can avoid initial approaches. We may consider Lutra and Tursiops examples of this feeding specialization. |
| Carnivore | In category 2 the usual prey is a terrestrial vertebrate with considerable mobility. In short, a species that falls into this category would be generally termed a carnivore. Panthera leo and Mustela erminea are typical examples. |
| Nectarivore | Category 3 includes species whose principal dietary component over much of the year is nectar and pollen. Typical examples are Glossophaga soricina and the honey possum, Tarsipes spenceri. |
| Gumivore | Category 4 includes species whose dominant food is exudates from trees, such as sap, resins, or gums. Invertebrates, fruit, or small vertebrates may also be eaten. Since some tree exudates are highly polymerized, there may be digestive mechanisms reminiscent of those in species that feed on green plant parts. A typical example is the lemur, Phaner furcifer. |
| Crustacivore and Clam-Eater | Category 5 includes species that feed primarily upon aquatic invertebrates that have limited mobility but tend to be patchily distributed, such as crustaceans, echinoids, clams, and oysters. The chief difference between this dietary specialization and feeding category 1 is that the invertebrate prey tends to be less mobile. The walrus, Odobenus, is a prime example. |
| Myrmecophage | Category 6 includes species that feed primarily on colonial insects - in particular, ants and termites. We would characterize these as myrmecophagous. Although plant parts, other invertebrates, and even vertebrates may be included in the diet on occasion, the modal tendency is toward feeding on the Isoptera and Hymenoptera. The Neotropical anteaters and the Old World pangolins are typical specialists in this category. |
| Insectivore | Eisenberg categories 7 and 8 are combined as Insectivores Category 7 includes species that feed on arthropods but also take winged insects and thus themselves must be capable of flight; in short aerial insectivores of the order Chiroptera. Category 8 includes species that feed on insects by flying to particular areas and gleaning them from the undersides of leaves or from bark; these are the bats, members of the order Chiroptera, that Wilson (1973) has termed foliage gleaners. |
| Insectivore-Omnivore | Category 9 includes species that feed primarily on arthropods but also eat molluscs and earthworms. They may include fruit and even small vertebrates in their diets. In brief, they exhibit a modal tendency to be insectivores/omnivores. Such generalists include the badger, Meles. |
| Frugivore-omnivore | Category 10 includes specializations for feeding upon the reproductive parts of plants that we generally refer to as fruits, primarily the pericarp or the fleshy outer covering. The seeds may or may not be ingested. In addition, these species often eat invertebrates and small vertebrates when available. I call this a frugivore omnivore feeding category. The marmoset, Saguinus oedipus, typifies this adaptation. |
| Frugivore-Granivore | Category 11 includes species that have specialized for feeding on fruits as previously defined and, in addition, on nuts and seeds. By seeds I mean the actual reproductive part of the plant itself, not necessarily the fleshy pericarp; in brief, the reproductive bodies of shrubs, some trees, and most grasses. Typically, these plant parts may be stored and hoarded, and this is the key adaptation for species in this category. The chipmunk, Tamias striatus, is a prime example. |
| Frugivore-Herbivore | Category 12 includes species that eat fleshy fruiting bodies, perhaps some seeds, the fleshy storage roots of certain plants, and also some green leafy material. These species tend to eat plant parts that are not readily digestible by the normal enzymes in mammalian tissues; fully utilizing the structural carbohydrate of the green leafy substances may require assists from microbial enzymatic systems. The paca, Agouti paca, is so categorized. |
| Herbivore-Browser | Category 13 includes species that primarily feed on stems, twigs, buds, and leaves. Here microbial enzyme systems are mandatory a symbiotic adjunct for the digestion of structural carbohydrate (Eisenberg 1978; Parra 1978). The tree sloths (Bradypodidae) are typical members. |
| Herbivore-Mixed feeder | An additional category that follows the specification of Eisenberg: All gradations between categories 13 and 14 may be found (see Eisenberg 1978; Hofmann and Stewart 1972). |
| Herbivore-Grazer | Category 14 includes species that have specialized for feeding grasses. Unlike the preceding category, leafy material is less frequently included in the diet. All gradations between categories 13 and 14 may be found (see Eisenberg 1978; Hofmann and Stewart 1972). I would typify a member of category 14 as a grazer and a member of category 13 as a browser. |
| Planktonivore | Category 15 includes species that live in water and feed wholly or in part on plankton. The great baleen whales are categorized as planktonivores. |
| Sanguivore | Category 16 is occupied by only two genera in the entire class Mammalia, members of the family Phyllostomatidae that have adapted for feeding on the blood of warm-blooded vertebrates (Desmodus and Diphylla. These species are termed sanguivores. |
| -Undefined |
| Source Trait | Reference |
|---|---|
| Taxon - Dietary group | Abu Baker,M., 2010, Patterns in the local assembl… |
| Taxon - Food | Arends,A., 2001, The comparative energetics of â… |
| Taxon - Dietary group | Bergström,A., , Small mammal diversity in Kala… |
| Taxon - Diet group | Bodmer,R. E., 1990, Ungulate frugivores and the b… |
| Taxon - Dietary group | Brigham,R. M., 1991, Prey detection, dietary nich… |
| Taxon - Diet group | Bunn,J. M., 2011, Comparing Dirichlet normal surf… |
| Taxon - Diet group | Cakenberghe,V. V., 2002, Evolutionary relationshi… |
| Taxon - Dietary group | Carstens,B. C., 2002, A Phylogeny of the Neotropi… |
| Taxon - Dietary group | Casanovas-Vilar,I., 2011, Late Miocene insular mi… |
| Taxon - Dietary group | Clark,CJ, 2001, The Role of Arboreal Seed Dispers… |
| Taxon - Diet group | Clauss,M., 2002, Faecal particle size distributio… |
| Taxon - Diet group | Clauss,M., 2005, Tannin-binding salivary proteins… |
| Taxon - Diet group | Clauss,M., 2010, Convergence in the macroscopic a… |
| Taxon - Diet | Cofre,H., 1999, Conservation status, rarity, and … |
| Taxon - Dietary group | Djagoun,S., 2009, Small carnivorans from southern… |
| Taxon - Dietary group | Fleming,Theodore H., 2009, The evolution of bat p… |
| Taxon - Dietary group | Freeman,P. W., 1998, Form, function, and evolutio… |
| Taxon - Dietary group | Friscia,AR, 2006, An ecomorphological analysis of… |
| Taxon - Dietary group | Geiser,F., 2003, Thermal biology and energetics o… |
| Taxon - DT = diet | Gittleman,J. L., 1985, Carnivore body size: ecolo… |
| Taxon - Dietary group | Gomes Rodrigues,H., 2009, Dental microwear patter… |
| Taxon - Diet group | Gordon,IJ, 1988, Incisor arcade structure and die… |
| Taxon - Diet group | Johnson,CN, 2004, Extinctions of herbivorous mamm… |
| Taxon - Dietary group | Kalko,E. K. V., 2001, Neotropical bats in the can… |
| Taxon - Dietary group | Kelt,D. A., 1996, Community structure of desert s… |
| Taxon - Dietary group | Lee,A. K., 1985, Evolutionary ecology of marsupia… |
| Taxon - Diet group | Loison,A., 1999, What factors shape sexual size d… |
| Taxon - Diet group | Lu-bing,Z., 2008, Winter and Spring Diet Composit… |
| Taxon - Dietary class | Ma, H., Ge, D., Shenbrot, G., Pisano, J., Yang, Q… |
| Taxon - Diet group | McNab,B. K., 1986, The influence of food habits o… |
| Taxon - Substrate | McNab,B. K., 1986, The influence of food habits o… |
| Taxon - Diet category | MedellÃÂn,R. A., 1994, Mammal diversity and con… |
| Taxon - Diet group | Meijaard,E., 2008, The persistence and conservati… |
| Taxon - Diet group | Mendoza,M., 2008, Hypsodonty in ungulates: an ada… |
| Taxon - Dietary group | Milton,K., 1976, Body weight, diet and home range… |
| Taxon - Diet group | Mysterud,Atle, 2000, The Relationship between Eco… |
| Taxon - Dietary group | Ojeda,R. A., 2001, Mammals in South American dryl… |
| Taxon - Diet | Paglia,A. P., 2012, Lista Anotada dos MamÃÂfero… |
| Taxon - Diet group | Robinson,John G., 1986, Body Size, Diet, and Popu… |
| Taxon - Diet group | Saether,B. E., 1994, The adaptive significance of… |
| Taxon - Diet group | SAMUELS,J. X., 2009, Cranial morphology and dieta… |
| Taxon - Food habit | SÃÂnchezâ€ÂCordero,V. ÃÂ., 2008, Elevatio… |
| Taxon - Diet group | Santana,S. E., 2011, The better to eat you with: … |
| Taxon - Dietary group | Schondube,J. E., 2001, Diet and the evolution of … |
| Taxon - Diet group | Slater,G. J., 2010, Diversity versus disparity an… |
| Taxon - Diet group | Smith,J. A., 2009, Macropod nutrition, Veterinary… |
| Taxon - Diet group | Sponheimer,M., 2001, The oxygen isotope compositi… |
| Taxon - Diet group | Sukumar,R., 1995, Elephant foraging: Is browse or… |
| Taxon - Diet group | Symon,DE, 1986, A survey of Solanum prickles and … |
| Taxon - Diet group | Taylor,R. J., 1992, Seasonal changes in the diet … |
| Taxon - Dietary group | Vieira,E. M., 2003, Carnivory and insectivory in … |
| Taxon - Diet group | Weber,M., 2003, Latin American deer diversity and… |
| Taxon - Dietary group | Woolley,P. A., 2007, Interspecific affinities wit… |
| Taxon - Diet consensus category | Arman, S.D. and Prideaux, G.J., 2015. Dietary cla… |
| Taxon - Guild | Arriaga-Flores, J.C., Castro-Arellano, I., Moreno… |
| Taxon - Trophic guild | Gaudioso, P.J., Pérez, M.J., Gamboa Alurralde, S.… |
| Taxon - Diet Category | Quibod, M.N.R.M., Gélin, U., van Langevelde, F. a… |
| Taxon - DietGroup | López‐Aguirre, C., Ratcliffe, J.M. and Silcox, M.… |
| Taxon - Feeding guild | Abraham, J.O., Upham, N.S., Damian-Serrano, A. an… |
| Taxon - Diet group | Selig, K.R., López-Torres, S., Burrows, A.M., Sil… |
| Taxon - Diet | Ferreira, J.D., Rinderknecht, A., de Moura Bubadu… |
| Taxon - Diet (specific) | Grossnickle, D.M., Sadier, A., Patterson, E., Cor… |
| Taxon - Diet | DeMers, A.C., 2023. Functional Significance of th… |
| Taxon - Diet | Juhn, M.S., Balisi, M.A., Doughty, E.M., Friscia,… |