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MammalBase - Standard Trait: Locomotion: Eisenberg 1981

Standard Trait: Locomotion: Eisenberg 1981


Standard Trait: Locomotion: Eisenberg 1981
Name: Locomotion: Eisenberg 1981
Unit: Nominal: n/a (n/a)
Description: -
Reference: Eisenberg, John Frederick. "The mammalian radiation: An analysis of trends in evolution, adaptation, and behavior." Thc University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1981).

Table 1. List of Standard Trait values for Taxon: Locomotion: Eisenberg 1981 (n/a).
Trait value Description
Fossorial Considering the substrates or mediums, category 1 may be thought of as a fossorial syndrome, exemplified by Talpa or Geomys, in which the species is adapted for several forms of soil type and conducts most of its life-support activities underground, including foraging, resting, rearing young, and mating. This is not to say it never ventures on the surface or that some foraging might not involve gathering vegetation near the burrow entrance. But the dominant specialization is for a life spent almost completely under the ground. It has a number of specialized morphological features, including (1) reduction in the size of the external ear or pinna: (2) reduction in the relative size of the eye; (3) modification of the forepaws or teeth, or both to assist in removing soil particles; (4) reduction in the length of the tail: (5) shortening of the neck: and (6) reduction of the undercoat, especially in tropical forms. In brief, the body and sense organs reflect an ability to live and forage below the ground.
Semifossorial Category 2 I have termed semifossorial. In this category, the animal demonstrates anatomical specializations for burrowing. A burrow is typically used as a refuge, and some digging may be involved in feeding, but the animal shows considerable ability to move about on the surface. The dominant mode of life is a compromise between selective pressures for foraging and avoiding predators on the surface, and the species retains the capacity for extensive burrowing. A typical example of this category would be the pocket mouse, Perognathus californicus, or the badger, Meles meles.
Aquatic Category 3 includes forms that carry out most of the life cycle in water. This includes the cetaceans and sirenians as well as the pinnipeds. Although certain members of the order Pinnipedia confine part of their life cycle to land-namely, giving birth, mating, and nursing the young - a goodly percentage of their life is spent in the water, and thus they are included in this third category.
Semiaquatic Category 4 I have termed semiaquatic. In general, these species must spend part of each twenty-four-hour period out of the water. In small semiaquatic forms such as the water shrew, Sorex palustris, it is essential that the animal retreat to a dry nest to dress its pelage and conserve heat.
Volant Category 5 is the volant specialization, where the animal can fly. This category is confined to a single order, the Chiroptera. I do not include any of the gliding forms within this specialization; they will be considered a subset of the arboreal category. Adaptation for flight may have occurred only once in the evolution of mammals, if one considers a monophyletic origin for the Chiroptera.
Terrestrial Category 6 includes species that have evolved specializations for foraging on the surface of the earth with minimal digging and minimal climbing Essentially we are talking about animals that forage on the ground and use cavities opportunistically, having limited ability to con struct burrows. For example, the fox, Vulpes fulva, essentially forages on the surface, has a limited ability to climb, and, though it digs a burrow at the time of parturition, cannot be considered fossorial in the same sense as the animals in category 1.
Scansonal Category 7 includes species that show considerable adaptation for climbing but are versatile enough to spend approximately equal time in the trees and on the surface of the ground-in short a scansorial species such as the wood rat, Neotoma fuscipes.
Arboreal Category 8 includes forms that spend most of their life in trees as well as those we might consider nearly obligatory in their arboreal adaptation, such as the sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus.

Table 2. List of Source Traits related with Taxon: Locomotion: Eisenberg 1981 (n/a).
Source Trait Reference
Taxon - Locomotion Adler,G. H., 2011, Spacing patterns and social ma…
Taxon - Substrate Arends,A., 2001, The comparative energetics of â…
Taxon - Locomotion type Clark,CJ, 2001, The Role of Arboreal Seed Dispers…
Taxon - Locomotion type Djagoun,S., 2009, Small carnivorans from southern…
Taxon - Substrate Endo,H., 2003, Morphological adaptation of the sk…
Taxon - ZN = zonation Gittleman,J. L., 1985, Carnivore body size: ecolo…
Taxon - Locomotion Hayssen,V., 2008, Patterns of body and tail lengt…
Taxon - Locomotion type Helgen,K. M., 2005, The amphibious murines of New…
Taxon - Locomotion type Helgen,K. M., 2010, A Review of Microhydromys (Ro…
Taxon - Locomotion type Heptner,VG, 1939, The Turkestan desert shrew, its…
Taxon - Locomotion Jackson,S. M., 2002, Glide angle in the genus Pet…
Taxon - Locomotion Lee,A. K., 1985, Evolutionary ecology of marsupia…
Taxon - Locomotion McCay,Timothy S., 2001, Blarina carolinensis, Mam…
Taxon - Substrate McNab,B. K., 1986, The influence of food habits o…
Taxon - Spatial habits Medellín,R. A., 1994, Mammal diversity and con…
Taxon - Locomotion Milton,K., 1976, Body weight, diet and home range…
Taxon - Substrate Musser,G. G., 2002, Sulawesi rodents: description…
Taxon - Substrate Musser,G. G., 2010, Systematic review of endemic …
Taxon - Locomotion Nevo,E., 1979, Adaptive convergence and divergenc…
Taxon - Locomotor Paglia,A. P., 2012, Lista Anotada dos Mamífero…
Taxon - Locomotion Pires, Mathias M., Eduardo G. Martins, Maria Naza…
Taxon - Locomotion type Ramirez,A., 2008, Tropical stream conservation, T…
Taxon - Locomotion type Ray,J., 2001, Trophic relations in a community of…
Taxon - Substrate Ryan,J. M., 1993, Activity patterns of two specie…
Taxon - Locomotor Adaptation Samuels, Joshua X., and Blaire Van Valkenburgh. Ã…
Taxon - Locomotion type Samuels,J. X., 2008, Skeletal indicators of locom…
Taxon - Substrate Sargis,E. J., 2004, New views on tree shrews: the…
Taxon - Locomotion type Skinner,J. D., 2005, The mammals of the southern …
Taxon - Arboreal locomotor specialisation Soligo,C., 2006, Adaptive origins of primates rev…
Taxon - Substrate Soligo,C., 2006, Adaptive origins of primates rev…
Taxon - Nail-claw Soligo,C., 2006, Adaptive origins of primates rev…
Taxon - Locomotion type Tuyishime,Y., 2011, , FACULTY OF SCIENCES DEPARTM…
Taxon - Locomotion Vieira,E. M., 2003, Carnivory and insectivory in …
Taxon - Substrate Wolff,J. O., 1985, Why are aquatic small mammals …
Taxon - Locomotion Superina,Mariella, 2014, Zaedyus pichiy (Cingulat…
Taxon - Locomotion Smith,A. T., 2013, Mammals of China,
Taxon - Guild Arriaga-Flores, J.C., Castro-Arellano, I., Moreno…
Taxon - LOCOMOTOR HABIT Carvalhaes, J.G., Tavares, W.C., do Val Vilela, R…
Taxon - Locomotion Weisbecker, V., Beck, R.M., Guillerme, T., Harrin…
Taxon - Foraging guild Ospina-Garcés, S.M., Zamora-Gutierrez, V., Lara-D…
Taxon - Locomotory categories Ferreira, J.D., Rinderknecht, A., de Moura Bubadu…