Standard Trait: Locomotion: Eisenberg 1981
| Name: | Locomotion: Eisenberg 1981 |
|---|---|
| Unit: | Nominal: n/a (n/a) |
| Description: | - |
| Reference: | Eisenberg, John Frederick. "The mammalian radiation: An analysis of trends in evolution, adaptation, and behavior." Thc University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1981). |
| Trait value | Description |
|---|---|
| Fossorial | Considering the substrates or mediums, category 1 may be thought of as a fossorial syndrome, exemplified by Talpa or Geomys, in which the species is adapted for several forms of soil type and conducts most of its life-support activities underground, including foraging, resting, rearing young, and mating. This is not to say it never ventures on the surface or that some foraging might not involve gathering vegetation near the burrow entrance. But the dominant specialization is for a life spent almost completely under the ground. It has a number of specialized morphological features, including (1) reduction in the size of the external ear or pinna: (2) reduction in the relative size of the eye; (3) modification of the forepaws or teeth, or both to assist in removing soil particles; (4) reduction in the length of the tail: (5) shortening of the neck: and (6) reduction of the undercoat, especially in tropical forms. In brief, the body and sense organs reflect an ability to live and forage below the ground. |
| Semifossorial | Category 2 I have termed semifossorial. In this category, the animal demonstrates anatomical specializations for burrowing. A burrow is typically used as a refuge, and some digging may be involved in feeding, but the animal shows considerable ability to move about on the surface. The dominant mode of life is a compromise between selective pressures for foraging and avoiding predators on the surface, and the species retains the capacity for extensive burrowing. A typical example of this category would be the pocket mouse, Perognathus californicus, or the badger, Meles meles. |
| Aquatic | Category 3 includes forms that carry out most of the life cycle in water. This includes the cetaceans and sirenians as well as the pinnipeds. Although certain members of the order Pinnipedia confine part of their life cycle to land-namely, giving birth, mating, and nursing the young - a goodly percentage of their life is spent in the water, and thus they are included in this third category. |
| Semiaquatic | Category 4 I have termed semiaquatic. In general, these species must spend part of each twenty-four-hour period out of the water. In small semiaquatic forms such as the water shrew, Sorex palustris, it is essential that the animal retreat to a dry nest to dress its pelage and conserve heat. |
| Volant | Category 5 is the volant specialization, where the animal can fly. This category is confined to a single order, the Chiroptera. I do not include any of the gliding forms within this specialization; they will be considered a subset of the arboreal category. Adaptation for flight may have occurred only once in the evolution of mammals, if one considers a monophyletic origin for the Chiroptera. |
| Terrestrial | Category 6 includes species that have evolved specializations for foraging on the surface of the earth with minimal digging and minimal climbing Essentially we are talking about animals that forage on the ground and use cavities opportunistically, having limited ability to con struct burrows. For example, the fox, Vulpes fulva, essentially forages on the surface, has a limited ability to climb, and, though it digs a burrow at the time of parturition, cannot be considered fossorial in the same sense as the animals in category 1. |
| Scansonal | Category 7 includes species that show considerable adaptation for climbing but are versatile enough to spend approximately equal time in the trees and on the surface of the ground-in short a scansorial species such as the wood rat, Neotoma fuscipes. |
| Arboreal | Category 8 includes forms that spend most of their life in trees as well as those we might consider nearly obligatory in their arboreal adaptation, such as the sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus. |
| Source Trait | Reference |
|---|---|
| Taxon - Locomotion | Adler,G. H., 2011, Spacing patterns and social ma… |
| Taxon - Substrate | Arends,A., 2001, The comparative energetics of â… |
| Taxon - Locomotion type | Clark,CJ, 2001, The Role of Arboreal Seed Dispers… |
| Taxon - Locomotion type | Djagoun,S., 2009, Small carnivorans from southern… |
| Taxon - Substrate | Endo,H., 2003, Morphological adaptation of the sk… |
| Taxon - ZN = zonation | Gittleman,J. L., 1985, Carnivore body size: ecolo… |
| Taxon - Locomotion | Hayssen,V., 2008, Patterns of body and tail lengt… |
| Taxon - Locomotion type | Helgen,K. M., 2005, The amphibious murines of New… |
| Taxon - Locomotion type | Helgen,K. M., 2010, A Review of Microhydromys (Ro… |
| Taxon - Locomotion type | Heptner,VG, 1939, The Turkestan desert shrew, its… |
| Taxon - Locomotion | Jackson,S. M., 2002, Glide angle in the genus Pet… |
| Taxon - Locomotion | Lee,A. K., 1985, Evolutionary ecology of marsupia… |
| Taxon - Locomotion | McCay,Timothy S., 2001, Blarina carolinensis, Mam… |
| Taxon - Substrate | McNab,B. K., 1986, The influence of food habits o… |
| Taxon - Spatial habits | MedellÃÂn,R. A., 1994, Mammal diversity and con… |
| Taxon - Locomotion | Milton,K., 1976, Body weight, diet and home range… |
| Taxon - Substrate | Musser,G. G., 2002, Sulawesi rodents: description… |
| Taxon - Substrate | Musser,G. G., 2010, Systematic review of endemic … |
| Taxon - Locomotion | Nevo,E., 1979, Adaptive convergence and divergenc… |
| Taxon - Locomotor | Paglia,A. P., 2012, Lista Anotada dos MamÃÂfero… |
| Taxon - Locomotion | Pires, Mathias M., Eduardo G. Martins, Maria Naza… |
| Taxon - Locomotion type | Ramirez,A., 2008, Tropical stream conservation, T… |
| Taxon - Locomotion type | Ray,J., 2001, Trophic relations in a community of… |
| Taxon - Substrate | Ryan,J. M., 1993, Activity patterns of two specie… |
| Taxon - Locomotor Adaptation | Samuels, Joshua X., and Blaire Van Valkenburgh. Ã… |
| Taxon - Locomotion type | Samuels,J. X., 2008, Skeletal indicators of locom… |
| Taxon - Substrate | Sargis,E. J., 2004, New views on tree shrews: the… |
| Taxon - Locomotion type | Skinner,J. D., 2005, The mammals of the southern … |
| Taxon - Arboreal locomotor specialisation | Soligo,C., 2006, Adaptive origins of primates rev… |
| Taxon - Substrate | Soligo,C., 2006, Adaptive origins of primates rev… |
| Taxon - Nail-claw | Soligo,C., 2006, Adaptive origins of primates rev… |
| Taxon - Locomotion type | Tuyishime,Y., 2011, , FACULTY OF SCIENCES DEPARTM… |
| Taxon - Locomotion | Vieira,E. M., 2003, Carnivory and insectivory in … |
| Taxon - Substrate | Wolff,J. O., 1985, Why are aquatic small mammals … |
| Taxon - Locomotion | Superina,Mariella, 2014, Zaedyus pichiy (Cingulat… |
| Taxon - Locomotion | Smith,A. T., 2013, Mammals of China, |
| Taxon - Guild | Arriaga-Flores, J.C., Castro-Arellano, I., Moreno… |
| Taxon - LOCOMOTOR HABIT | Carvalhaes, J.G., Tavares, W.C., do Val Vilela, R… |
| Taxon - Locomotion | Weisbecker, V., Beck, R.M., Guillerme, T., Harrin… |
| Taxon - Foraging guild | Ospina-Garcés, S.M., Zamora-Gutierrez, V., Lara-D… |
| Taxon - Locomotory categories | Ferreira, J.D., Rinderknecht, A., de Moura Bubadu… |